forward

1 class C
2 {
3     static int foo(int n) { return 1; }
4     static int foo(ref int n) { return 2; }
5 }
6 
7 // with forward
8 int bar()(auto ref int x) { return C.foo(forward!x); }
9 
10 // without forward
11 int baz()(auto ref int x) { return C.foo(x); }
12 
13 int i;
14 assert(bar(1) == 1);
15 assert(bar(i) == 2);
16 
17 assert(baz(1) == 2);
18 assert(baz(i) == 2);

1 void foo(int n, ref string s) { s = null; foreach (i; 0 .. n) s ~= "Hello"; }
2 
3 // forwards all arguments which are bound to parameter tuple
4 void bar(Args...)(auto ref Args args) { return foo(forward!args); }
5 
6 // forwards all arguments with swapping order
7 void baz(Args...)(auto ref Args args) { return foo(forward!args[$/2..$], forward!args[0..$/2]); }
8 
9 string s;
10 bar(1, s);
11 assert(s == "Hello");
12 baz(s, 2);
13 assert(s == "HelloHello");

1 struct X {
2     int i;
3     this(this)
4     {
5         ++i;
6     }
7 }
8 
9 struct Y
10 {
11     private X x_;
12     this()(auto ref X x)
13     {
14         x_ = forward!x;
15     }
16 }
17 
18 struct Z
19 {
20     private const X x_;
21     this()(auto ref X x)
22     {
23         x_ = forward!x;
24     }
25     this()(auto const ref X x)
26     {
27         x_ = forward!x;
28     }
29 }
30 
31 X x;
32 const X cx;
33 auto constX = (){ const X x; return x; };
34 static assert(__traits(compiles, { Y y = x; }));
35 static assert(__traits(compiles, { Y y = X(); }));
36 static assert(!__traits(compiles, { Y y = cx; }));
37 static assert(!__traits(compiles, { Y y = constX(); }));
38 static assert(__traits(compiles, { Z z = x; }));
39 static assert(__traits(compiles, { Z z = X(); }));
40 static assert(__traits(compiles, { Z z = cx; }));
41 static assert(__traits(compiles, { Z z = constX(); }));
42 
43 
44 Y y1 = x;
45 // ref lvalue, copy
46 assert(y1.x_.i == 1);
47 Y y2 = X();
48 // rvalue, move
49 assert(y2.x_.i == 0);
50 
51 Z z1 = x;
52 // ref lvalue, copy
53 assert(z1.x_.i == 1);
54 Z z2 = X();
55 // rvalue, move
56 assert(z2.x_.i == 0);
57 Z z3 = cx;
58 // ref const lvalue, copy
59 assert(z3.x_.i == 1);
60 Z z4 = constX();
61 // const rvalue, copy
62 assert(z4.x_.i == 1);